Dimensionen des religiös/spirituellen Befindens im Kontext von Persönlichkeit und psychischer Gesundheit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15135/2024.12.2.62-84Abstract
Religiosität und Spiritualität als integraler Bestandteil des subjektiven Wohlbefindens und der psychischen Gesundheit haben vor allem im anglo-amerikanischen Raum in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein gestiegenes Interesse erfahren. Korrespondierend dazu wurde das Multidimensionale Inventar zum Religiös/Spirituellen Wohlbefinden (MI-RSB) im europäischen Kontext entwickelt, um auch hier mit einem validierten multidimensionalen Messinstrument zur Weiterentwicklung dieses Forschungsfeldes beitragen zu können. In diesem Beitrag werden nach einer Einführung in grundsätzliche Überlegungen zur Skala neuere Entwicklungen (von 2012 bis 2022) in Bezug auf den Einsatz des MI-RSB vorgestellt. Es konnten Normwerte für die Skala vorgestellt werden bzw. wurde der Fragebogen in verschiedenen Sprachen validiert. Des Weiteren konnte der positive Zusammenhang zwischen den RSB-Dimensionen und psychischer Gesundheit anhand der Daten von unterschiedlichen klinischen und nicht-klinischen Stichproben bestätigt werden. Darauf aufbauend können die Möglichkeiten der Weiteranwendung des Instruments diskutiert werden.
Literaturhinweise
Abbott, G. R. & Byrne, L. K. (2012). Schizotypy and subjective well-being in university students. Psychiatry Research, 196(1), 154-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.013
Aberer, E., Avian, A., Lukanz, M., Pilch, M., Scharf, S., Fink-Puches, R., . . . Unterrainer, H.-F. (2018). The influence of religious/spiritual exercises on well-being and quality of life in dermatological patients: A quasi-experimental study. Cogent Medicine: Dermatology, 5(1), 1499593. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1499593
Agarkov, V. A., Alexandrov, Y. I., Bronfman, S. A., Chernenko, A. M., Kapfhammer, H.-P., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2018). A Russian adaptation of the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being: Psychometric properties for young adults and associations with personality and psychiatric symptoms. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 40, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341347
Altemeyer, B. & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (2004). Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Personality disorders, 18(1), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.1.36.32772
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Bennett, K., Shepherd, J., & Janca, A. (2013). Personality disorders and spirituality. Current opinion in psychiatry, 26(1), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835b2c17
Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A. J., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2016). The validation of a Spanish version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-being in Mexican college students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, e3. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
Bufford, R. K., Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Norms for the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719101900106
Bullinger, M., Kirchberger, I., & Ware, J. (1995). Der deutsche SF-36 Health Survey Übersetzung und psychometrische Testung eines krankheitsübergreifenden Instruments zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität [The German SF-36 health survey translation and psychometric testing of a generic instrument for the assessment of health-related quality of life]. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften, 3(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02959944
Capps, D. (1999). From mystical moment to therapeutic method: Connections between psychology of religion and pastoral counseling. Pastoral Psychology, 48(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021902712158
Choi-Kain, L. W. & Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Mentalization: Ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081360
Christie, R. & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Dadfar, M., Lester, D., Turan, Y., Beshai, J. A., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2019). Validation of the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious Spiritual Well-Being with Iranian samples. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(6), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1628194
Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100406
Ellison, L. L. (2006). A review of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. News Notes, 44(1), 1-10.
Forcehimes, A. A. (2004). De profundis: Spiritual transformations in Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20004
Franke, G. H., Jaeger, S., Glaesmer, H., Barkmann, C., Petrowski, K., & Braehler, E. (2017). Psychometric analysis of the brief symptom inventory 18 (BSI-18) in a representative German sample. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0283-3
Fuchshuber, J. & Unterrainer, H.F. (2021). Test your spirituality in one minute or less: Structural validity of the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being short version (MI-RSWB 12). Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.597565
Gaiswinkler, L., Kaufmann, P., Pollheimer, E., Ackermann, A., Holasek, S. J., Kapfhammer, H.-P., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2020). The role of mindfulness and self-compassion in clinical psychiatric rehabilitation: A clinical trial. Mindfulness, 11, 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01171-1
Gaiswinkler, L. & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2016). The relationship between yoga involvement, mindfulness and psychological well-being. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 26, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.011
Goldin, P. R. & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018441
Hiebler-Ragger, M., Falthansl-Scheinecker, J., Birnhuber, G., Fink, A., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2016). Facets of spirituality diminish the positive relationship between insecure attachment and mood pathology in young adults. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0158069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158069
Hiebler-Ragger, M., Fuchshuber, J., Dröscher, H., Vajda, C., Fink, A., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2018). Personality influences the relationship between primary emotions and religious/spiritual well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00370
Hiebler-Ragger, M., Kamble, S. V., Aberer, E., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2020). The relationship between existential well-being and mood-related psychiatric burden in Indian young adults with attachment deficits: A cross-cultural validation study. BMC Psychology, 8, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-0388-7
Hodapp, B. & Zwingmann, C. (2019). Religiosity/spirituality and mental health: A meta-analysis of studies from the German-speaking area. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(6), 1970-1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00759-0
Jung, C. G. (1934). Über die Archetypen des kollektiven Unbewußten. Zürich, Switzerland: Eranus Jahrbuch.
Kämmerle, M., Unterrainer, H.-F., Dahmen-Wassenberg, P., Fink, A., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2014). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being and the dark triad of personality. Psychopathology, 47(5), 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1159/00035856
Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400502
Lackner, N., Unterrainer, H.-F., & Neubauer, A. (2013). Differences in Big Five personality traits between alcohol and polydrug abusers: Implications for treatment in the therapeutic community. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11(6), 682-692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-013-9445-2
Lackner, N., Unterrainer, H.-F., Skliris, D., Wood, G., Wallner-Liebmann, S. J., Neuper, C., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2016). The effectiveness of visual short-time neurofeedback on brain activity and clinical characteristics in alcohol use disorders: Practical issues and results. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 47(3), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059415605686
Lang, F. R., Lüdtke, O., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001). Testgüte und psychometrische Äquivalenz der deutschen Version des Big Five Inventory (BFI) bei jungen, mittelalten und alten Erwachsenen [Validity and psychometric equivalence of the German version of the Big Five Inventory in young, middle-aged and old adults]. Diagnostica, 47(3), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.47.3.111
Ledbetter, M. F., Smith, L. A., Vosler-Hunter, W. L., & Fischer, J. D. (1991). An evaluation of the research and clinical usefulness of the Spiritual Weil-Being Scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719101900105
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(1), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151
Lynam, D. R. & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843X.110.3.401
MacDonald, D. A. (2000). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 153-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00094
Malinovic, A., Fink, A., Lewis, A. J., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2016). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being in relation to personality and stress coping: Initial results from Bosnian young adults. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 18(1), 43-54.https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2015.1059301
Marks, L. (2005). Religion and bio-psycho-social health: A review and conceptual model. Journal of Religion and Health, 44(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-005-2775-z
McClain, C. S., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2003). Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. The Lancet, 361(9369), 1603-1607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13310-7
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509
Miller, W. R. (Ed.). (1999). Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Pargament, K. I. (1999). The psychology of religion and spirituality? Yes and no. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0901_2
Pargament, K. I. (2013). Spirituality as an irreducible human motivation and process. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(4), 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795815
Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five‐factor model. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 985-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00080
Piedmont, R. L. (2004). Spiritual transcendence as a predictor of psychosocial outcome from an outpatient substance abuse program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(3), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.18.3.213
Pilch, M., Scharf, S. N., Lukanz, M., Wutte, N. J., Fink-Puches, R., Glawischnig-Goschnik, M., . . . Aberer, E. (2016). Spiritual well-being and coping in systemic scleroris, lupus erythematodus and malignant melanoma. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 14(7), 717-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12715
Raine, A. & Benishay, D. (1995). The SPQ-B: A brief screening instrument for schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9(4), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1995.9.4.346
Ramakrishna Rao, K. (2011). Applied yoga psychology studies of neurophysiology of meditation. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 18(11-12), 161-198.
Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., & Koenig, H. G. (2020). Spirituality and mental health: challenges and opportunities. Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 92–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30048-1
Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6
Schnell, T. (2010). SOS Abendland? Muslimischer Glaube und Integration. Internationale Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie und Gruppendynamik in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 35(2), 3-17.
Schütz, A., Marcus, B., & Sellin, I. (2004). Die Messung von Narzissmus als Persönlichkeitskonstrukt: Psychometrische Eigenschaften einer Lang- und einer Kurzform des Deutschen NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory) [Measuring narcissism as a personality construct: Psychometric properties of a long and a short version of the German Narcissistic Personality Inventory]. Diagnostica, 50(4), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.50.4.202
Shafranske, E. P. (2009). Spiritually oriented psychodynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20565
Sollgruber, A., Bornemann-Cimenti, H., Szilagyi, I.-S., & Sandner-Kiesling, A. (2018). Spirituality in pain medicine: A randomized experiment of pain perception, heart rate and religious spiritual well-being by using a single session meditation methodology. PlOS ONE, 13(9), e0203336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203336
Sperry, L. & Shafranske, E. P. (2005). Spiritually oriented psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stefa-Missagli, S., Huber, H. P., Fink, A., Sarlo, M., & Unterrainer, H.-F. (2014). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being, personality, and mental health: Initial results from Italian college students. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 36(3), 368-385. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341290
Stefa-Missagli, S., Unterrainer, H.-F., Giupponi, G., Holasek, S. J., Kapfhammer, H.-P., Conca, A., . . . Pompili, M. (2019a). Suicide and personality traits: A multicenter study of Austrian and Italian psychiatry patients and students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(1), 220-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12579
Stefa-Missagli, S., Unterrainer, H.-F., Giupponi, G., Wallner-Liebmann, S. J., Kapfhammer, H.-P., Conca, A., . . . Pompili, M. (2019b). Influence of spiritual dimensions on suicide risk: The role of regional differences. Archives of Suicide Research, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1639571
Unterrainer, H.-F., Chen, M. J.-L., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2014c). EEG-neurofeedback and psychodynamic psychotherapy in a case of adolescent anhedonia with substance misuse: Mood/theta relations. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 93(1), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.011
Unterrainer, H.-F. & Fink, A. (2013a). Das Multidimensionale Inventar zum religiös-spirituellen Befinden (MI-RSB): Normwerte für die österreichische Allgemeinbevölkerung [The Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSWB): Norm values for the Austrian general population]. Diagnostica, 1, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000077
Unterrainer, H.-F., Hiebler-Ragger, M., Koschutnig, K., Fuchshuber, J., Tscheschner, S., Url, M., . . . Fink, A. (2017). Addiction as an attachment disorder: White matter impairment is linked to increased negative affective states in poly drug use. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00208
Unterrainer, H.-F., Huber, H. P., Ladenhauf, K. H., Wallner-Liebmann, S. J., & Liebmann, P. M. (2010a). MI-RSB 48: Die Entwicklung eines multidimensionalen Inventars zum religiös-spirituellen Befinden [MI-RSWB 48: The development of a Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being]. Diagnostica, 56(2), 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000001
Unterrainer, H.-F., Huber, H. P., Sorgo, I. M., Collicutt, J., & Fink, A. (2011b). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being and schizotypal personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 360-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.007
Unterrainer, H.-F., Huber, H. P., Stelzer, K., & Fink, A. (2012a). “Spiritus contra Spiritum?”: Spiritual well-being and depression among male alcohol dependents in treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 30(1), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2012.635551
Unterrainer, H.-F., Ladenhauf, K. H., Moazedi, M. L., Wallner-Liebmann, S. J., & Fink, A. (2010b). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being and their relation to personality and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 192-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.032
Unterrainer, H.-F., Ladenhauf, K. H., Wallner-Liebmann, S. J., & Fink, A. (2011a). Different types of religious/spiritual well-being in relation to personality and subjective well-being. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2011.557003
Unterrainer, H.-F. & Lewis, A. J. (2014b). The Janus face of schizotypy: Enhanced spiritual connection or existential despair?. Psychiatry Research, 220(1), 233-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.028
Unterrainer, H.-F., Lewis, A. J., Collicutt, J., & Fink, A. (2013b). Religious/spiritual well-being, coping styles, and personality dimensions in people with substance use disorders. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(3), 204-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2012.714999
Unterrainer, H.-F., Lewis, A. J., & Fink, A. (2014a). Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9642-5
Unterrainer, H.-F., Lukanz, M., Pilch, M., Scharf, S., Glawischnig-Goschnik, M., Wutte, N., . . . Aberer, E. (2016b). The influence of religious/spiritual well-being on quality of life in dermatologic disease. British Journal of Dermatology, 174(6), 1380-1383. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14359
Unterrainer, H.-F., Lukanz, M., Pilch, M., Scharf, S., Glawischnig-Goschnik, M., Wutte, N., . . . Aberer, E. (2016c). Spirituality and mood pathology in severe skin conditions: A prospective observational study. Archives of Dermatological Research, 308, 521-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-016-1672-5
Unterrainer, H.-F., Nelson, O., Collicutt, J., & Fink, A. (2012b). The English version of the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSWB-E): First results from British college students. Religions, 3, 588-599. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030588
Unterrainer, H.-F., Ruttinger, J., Lewis, A. J., Anglim, J., Fink, A., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2016a). Vulnerable dark triad personality facets are associated with religious fundamentalist tendencies. Psychopathology, 49(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443901
Unterrainer, H.-F., Schöggl, H., Fink, A., Neuper, C., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2012c). Soul Darkness? Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being among mood disordered inpatients compared to healthy controls. Psychopathology, 45, 310-316. https://doi.org/10.1159/000336050
Unterrainer, H.-F., Sollgruber, A., Rinner, A., Wolsch, D., Fink, A., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2015). Spiritualität bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen [Spirituality in schizophrenic diseases]. Der Nervenarzt, 86(3), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-014-4136-1
Wenzl M., Fuchshuber, J., Podolin-Danner, N., Silani, G., Unterrainer, H.F. (2021). The Swedish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSWB-S): First Results from Swedish Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 783761. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783761
Zimmermann, J., Benecke, C., Hörz, S., Rentrop, M., Peham, D., Bock, A., . . . & Dammann, G.(2013). Validierung einer deutschsprachigen 16-Item-Version des Inventars der Persönlichkeitsorganisation (IPO-16) [Validity of a German 16-item version of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO-16)]. Diagnostica, 59(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000076
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., & Belavich, T. G. (1997). Spirituality and religion: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 549-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387689
