Glaubensprozesse als fundamentale Hirnfunktion: das Creditionen-Konzept
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15135/2016.4.1.1-20Abstract
Trotz eines langen Diskurses in Theologie, (Religions-)Philosophie und auch (Neuro-)-Psychologie fehlen allgemein anerkannte und konsensfähige Definitionen, die das gesamte Spektrum des Glaubensbegriffes abdecken. Da Ereignisse und Objekte in der komplexen Welt unter Beteiligung des Präfrontalkortex als probabilistische Repräsentationen mit persönlicher Bedeutung und Bewertung abgebildet werden, schlagen wir vor, dass diese probabilistischen Repräsentationen persönliche Glaubensinhalte darstellen. Unser Modell der Glaubensprozesse ̶ sogenannter Creditionen ̶ ist geeignet, die Komponenten und mentalen Vorgänge der säkularen und nicht-säkularen Glaubensbildung zu beschreiben.
Literaturhinweise
Angel, H.-F. (2013a). Credition. In: Runehov, A.L.C., Oviedo, L., Azari, N.P. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religion, Springer Reference, Dordrecht, volume 1, pp. 536-539. http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/357430.html
Angel, H.-F. (2013b). Religiosity. In: Runehov, A.L.C., Oviedo, L., Azari, N.P. (eds): Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religion, Dordrecht, volume 4, pp. 2012 – 2014
http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/357427.html
Angel, H.-F. (2015a). No believing without emotion: The overlapping of emotion and cognition in the model of credition, in: Studies in Science and Theology (SSTh) 15 [in press]
Angel, H.-F. (2015b). Process and Creditions: How to Unterstand the Process of Believing? In: Jakub Dziadkowiec / Lukasz Lamza (Eds): Advances in Process Thought: Society, Education, and God (2015) [appearing soon]
Aune, D.E. (2013). Recent Readings of Paul Relating to Justification by Faith, in: Aune, D. E. (ed.): Jesus, Gospel Tradition and Paul in the Context of Jewish and Greco-Roman Antiquity. Mohr pp. 472-523, Tübingen
Azari, N.P., Nickel, J., Wunderlich, G., Niedeggen, M., Hefter, H., Tellmann, L., Herzog, H., Stoerig, P., Birnbacher, D., Seitz, R.J. (2001). Neural correlates of religious experience. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1649-1652
Azari, N.P., Missimer, J., Seitz, R.J. (2005). Reli-gious Experience and Emotion: Evidence for distinctive cognitive neural patterns. International Journal of Psychology of Religion, 15, 263-281
Bar, M., Neta, M., Linz, H. (2006). Very first impressions. Emotion, 6, 269-278
Barth, K. (1957). Kirchliche Dogmatik, ausgewählt und eingeleitet von Helmut Gollwitzer, Frankfurt/M
Baum, W., Winkler, D.W. (2003). The Church of the East. A concise history. Routledge Curzon, London, New York
Beck, M. (2013). Glauben – wie geht das? Styria Press, Wien, Graz, Klagenfurt
Bell, V., Halligan, P.W. (2012). The neural basis of abnormal personal belief. In: Kruger F, Grafman J (eds) The neural basis of human belief. Psychology Press, Chapter 10, pp. 300-329, Hove
Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Vighetti, S., Asteggiano, G. (2006). The biochemical and neuroendocrine bases of the hyperalgesic nocebo effect. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 12014-12022
Binkofski, F., Kunesch, E., Dohle, C., Seitz, R.J., Freund, H.-J. (2001). Tactile Apraxia: unimodal apractic disorder of tactile object exploration associated with parietal lobe lesions. Brain, 124, 132-144
Bird, G., Viding, E. (2014). The self to other model of empathy: Providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia. Neuroscience Biobehavioural Reviews, 47, 520-532
Boyer, P. (2003). Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 119–124
Chen, X., Scango, K.W., Stuphorn, V. (2010). Supplementary motor area exerts proactive and reactive control of arm movements. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 14657-14675
D` Aubign, M. (2010). History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century (Volume 3), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge
Chang, L.J., Doll, B.B., van ‘t Wout, M., Frank, M.J., Sanfey, A.G. (2010). Seeing is believing: trustworthiness as a dynamic belief. Cognitive Psychology, 61, 87-105
Churchland, P. (1979). Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Coltheart, M. (2007). The 33rd Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture - Cognitive neuropsychiatry and delusional belief. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 1041-1062. doi: 10.1080/17470210701338071
Coltheart, M. (2010). The neuropsychology of delusions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1191, 16-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05496.x
Connors, M.H., Halligan, P.W. (2015). A cognitive account of belief: A tentative roadmap. Frontiers of Psychology, 5, 1588. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01588
d’Acremont, M., Schultz, W., Bossaerts, P. (2013). The human brain encodes event frequencies while forming subjective beliefs. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 10887-10897
D`Aquili, E., Newberg, A. (1999). The Mystical Mind: Probing the Biology of Religious Experience. Fortress Press, Minneapolis.
Devinsky, O. (2009). Delusional misidentifications and duplications Right brain lesions, left brain delusions. Neurology, 72(1), 80-87. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000338625.47892.74
Dirscherl, E., Dohmen, C. (eds) (2008). Glaube und Vernunft. Spannungsreiche Grundlage europäischer Geistesgeschichte. Herder, Freiburg, Basel, Wien
Federenko, E., Duncan, J., Kanwisher, N. (2013). Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110, 16616-16621
Fischbeck, H.-J. (2005). Die Wahrheit und das Leben Wissenschaft und Glaube im 21. Jahrhundert. Herbertz Utz Verlag, München, ISBN 978-3-8316-0482-1
Fodor, J. (1980). The Language of Thought, Harvard
Friston, K. (2010). The free-engergy principle: a unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 127-138
Fuchs, T., Schlimme, J.E. (2009). Embodiment and psychopathology: a phenomenological perspective. Current Opinion of Psychiatry, 22, 570-575
Gardet, L. (1978). IMAN in; van Donzel, E., Gibb, H.A.R. (eds): The encyclopaedia of Islam. V, Leiden: Brill: 1170 – 1174
Geyer, C. (2004) Hirnforschung und Willensfreiheit, Frankfurt/M
Gray, J.R., Braver, T.S., Raichle, M.E. (2002). Integration of emotion and cognition in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 4115-4120
Han, S., Mao, L., Gu, X., Zhu, Y., Ge, J., Ma, Y. (2008). Neural consequences of religious belief on self-referential processing. Social Neuroscience, 3, 1-15
Helm, P. (1999). Faith and Reason. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Henkel, L.A., Mattson, M.E. (2011). Reading is believing: the truth effect and source of credibility. Conscious Cognition, 20, 1705-1721
Hieke, T. (2009). „Glaubt ihr nicht, so bleibt ihr nicht“ (Jes 7,9). Die Rede vom Glauben im Alten Testament. Theologie und Glaube, 99, 27-41
Hills, P., Francis, L.J., Argyle, M., Jackson, C.J. (2004). Primary personality trait correlates of religious practice and orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 61–73
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. H. Holt & Comp. New York
James, W. (1985). The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press (Original work published in 1902)
Janowski, B., Wolff, H.W. (2010). Anthropologie des Alten Testaments. Gütersloh 2010
Jeannerod, M. (1995). Mental imagery in the motor context. Neuropsychologia, 3, 1419-1432
Jensen, K.B., Kaptchuk, T.J., Kirsch, I., Raicek, J., Lindstrom, K.M., Berna, C., Gollub, R.L., Ingvar, M., Kong, J. (2012). Nonconscious activation of placebo and nocebo pain responses,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 109, 15959–15964
Joseph, R. (2002). NeuroTheology: Brain, Science, Spirituality, Religious Experience, San Jose.
Kahnt, T., Heinzle, J., Park, S.Q., Haynes, J.D. (2010). The neural code of reward anticipation in human orbitofrontal cortex. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 6010-6015
Kapogiannis, D., Barbey, A.K., Su, M., Zamboni, G., Krueger, F., Grafman, J. (2009). Cognitive and neural foundations of religious belief. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 4876-4881
Keysers, C., Gazzola, V. (2010). Social neuroscience: mirror neurons recorded in humans. Current Biology, 20, R353-354
Koenig, H.G., Cohen, H.J. (2002). The Link between Religion and Health. Psychoimmunology and the Faith Factor, Ox-ford/New York
Kohls, N.B. (2007). Psychological distress, experiences of ego loss and spirituality: Exploring the effects of spiritual practice. Social Behaviour and Personality, 35, 1301 – 1316
Langdon, R., Coltheart, M. (2000). The cognitive neuropsychology of delusions. Mind and Language, 15, 184-218. doi: 10.1111/1468-0017.00129
Linke, D.B. (2003). Religion als Risiko. Geist, Glaube und Gehirn, Reinbek b. Hamburg
Marguerat, D. (2013). The Pauline Gospel of Justification of Faith, in: Marguerat, David (Ed.): Paul in Acts and Paul in His Letters, Mohr: Tübingen: pp 179-219
McGuckin, J.A. (2010). The Orthodoxe Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spritual Culture, Blackwell Publisher, London
Meissner, K., Kohls, N., Colloca, L. (2011). Introduction to placebo effects in medicine: mechanisms and clinical implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B Biological Sciences, 366, 1783-1789
Mirabella, G., Pani, P., Paré, M., Ferraina, S. (2006). Inhibitory control of reaching movements in humans. Experimental Brain Research, 174, 240-255, erratum (2009). Experimental Brain Resesearch, 193, 651
Myers, M.G., Cairns, J.A., Singer, J. (1987). The consent form as a possible cause of side effects. Clinincal Pharmacological Therapy, 42, 250-253
Neuner, P. (Hg.) (2003). Naturalisierung des Geistes – Sprachlosigkeit der Theologie, Freiburg, Baselm Wien
Newberg, A., D`Aquili, E., Rause, V. (2001). Why God won´t go away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief. Random House Inc., New York
Nichols, A. (2010). Rome and the Eastern Churches, Ingnatius Press, San Francisco
Niendam, T.A., Laird, A.R., Ray, K.L., Dean, V.M., Glahn, D.C., Carter, C.S. (2012) Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 241-268
Paloutzian, R.F., Park, C.L. (2013). Directions for the future of psychology of religion and spirituality: research advances in methodology and meaning systems. In: Paloutzian, R.F., Park, C.L. (eds). Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality. 2nd edition, Guilford Press, pp. 651-665
Pargament, K.I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping, New York
Park, C.L. (2005). Religion and meaning. In: Handbook of Psychology, Religion and Spirituality. Paloutzian, R.F., Park, C.L. (eds). Guildford Press, New York, pp. 295-314
Pechey, R., Halligan, P. (2012). The prevalence of delusion-like beliefs relative to sociocultural beliefs in the general population. Psychopathology, 44, 106-115
Plantinga, A., Wolterstorff, N. (1983). Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame.
Potthoff, D., Seitz, R.J. (2015). Role of the First and Second Person Perspective for Control of Behaviour: Understanding other People’s Facial Expressions. In: Emmans, D., Laihinen, A. (eds). Comparative neuropsychology and brain imaging. Neuropsychology: an interdisciplinary approach. LIT Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Vienna, pp. 85-101
Prochnow, D., Brunheim, S., Steinhäuser, L., Seitz, R.J. (2014). Reasoning about the implications of facial expressions: A behavioral and fMRI study on low and high social impact. Brain and Cognition, 90C, 165-173
Rahner, K. (2004). Grundkurs des Glaubens. 2ne ed, Herder, Freiburg, Basel, Wien
Roland, P.E., Mortensen, E. (1987). Somatosensory detection of microgeometry, macrogeometry and kinaesthesia in man. Brain Research Reviews, 12, 1-42
Roux, F., Wibral, M., Mohr, H.M., Singer, W., Uhlhaas, P.J. (2012). Gamma-band activity in human prefrontal cortex codes for the number of relevant items maintained in working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 12411-12420
Runehov, A.L.C. (2007). Sacred or Neural? The Potential of Neuroscience to Explain Religious Experience. Vandenhoeck, Göttingen:
Runehov, A.L.C., Angel, H.-F. (2013). The Process of Believing: Revisiting the Problem of Justifying Beliefs. Studies in Science and Theology (SSTh), 14, 205-218
Saver, J.L., Rabin, J. (1999). The Neural Substrates of Religious Experience. In: Salloway, S., Malloy, P., Cummings, J.L. (eds). The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders. Washington, London, pp. 195-207
Schaff, P. (ed) (2005). The Seven Ecumenical Councils. The Christian Classics Ethereal Library
Schnell, T. (2003). A framework for the study of implicit religion: the psychological theory of implicit religiosity. Implicit Religion, 6, 86-104
Schnell, T. (2012) Spirituality with and without Religion. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 34, 33-62
Schnell, T., Keenan, W.J.F. (2011). Meaning-Making in an Atheist World. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33, 55-78. (download PDF: www.sinnforschung.org)
Schnell, T., Keenan, W.J.F. (2013). The Construction of Atheist Spirituality: A Survey-Based Study. In Westerink, H. (ed.) Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation, pp 101-118. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht Unipress, Vienna:
Schulz, H. (2001). Theorie des Glaubens. Mohr, Tübingen
Scobie, G.E.W. (1994). Belief, Unbelief and Conversion Experience: in Hutsebaut, D., Corveleyn, J. (eds) Belief and Unbelief. Psychological Perspectives. Amsterdam: Rodopi
Seckler, M. (1988). Theologie als Glaubenswissenschaft, in: Kern, W., Pottmeyer, H.J., Seckler, M. (eds) Handbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, Volume 4, pp. 180-241
Seitz, R.J., Nickel, J., Azari, N.P. (2006). Functional modularity of the medial prefrontal cortex: involvement in human empathy. Neuropsychology, 20, 743-751
Seitz, R.J., Franz, M., Azari, N.P. (2009). Value judgments and self-control of action: The role of the medial frontal cortex. Brain Research Reviews, 60, 368-378
Seitz, R.J., Angel, H.-F. (2012). Processes of believing - a review and conceptual account. Reviews of Neuroscience, 23, 303-309
Seitz, R.J., Angel, H.-F. (2014). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality: Meaning Making and processes of believing. Religion, Brain and Behavior.
DOI:10.1080/2153599X.2014.891249
Siecienski, A.E. (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Smith, M.L. (2011). Rapid processing of emotional expressions without consciousness awareness. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 1748-1760
Smith, W.C. (1987). Faith and belief. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
Stich, S. (1996). From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science. The Case against Belief. 2nd Ed., Cambridge Massachusetts.
Sugiura, M. (2011). The multi-layered model of self: a social neuroscience perspective. In: Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Tsukiu-ra, T. (eds). New Frontiers in Social Cognitive Neuroscience. Tohoku University Press, Sendai, pp. 111-135
Sugiura, M. (2013). Associative account of self-cognition: extended forward model and multi-layer structure. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 535. doi: 10.3389/Fnhum.2013.00535
Sugiura, M., Seitz, R.J., Angel, H.-F. (2015). Models and neural bases of the believing process. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 5, 12-23
Swinburne, R. (1983). Faith and Reason. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Theobald, C. (2007). Le christianisme comme style, Tome 1, Cerf, Paris
Thiel, U. (2014). The Early Modern Subject. Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed.
van Gaal, S., Scholte, H.S., Lamme, V.A., Fahrenfort, J.J., Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2011). Pre-SMA gray matter density predicts individual differences in action selection in the face of conscious and unconscious response conflict. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 382-390
Watts, F. (2007). Emotion regulation and religion. In: Gross, J.J. (ed). Handbook of Emotion Regulation, Guildford Press, New York, pp. 504-520
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R. (2010). Agency, values, and well-being: a human development model. Social Indicator Research, 97, 43-63
Wiese, E., Wykowsky, A., Müller, H.J. (2014). What we observe is biased by what other people tell us: beliefs about the reliability of gaze behavior modulate attentional orienting to gaze cues. Public Library of Science one, 9, e 94529
Winkler, D.W. (ed) (2013). Syriac Christianity in the Middle East and in India: Contribu-tions and Challenges. Pro Oriente Studies in Syriac Tradition 2. Gorgias Press, Piscataway, New Jersey